Which of the following is NOT one of Bronfenbrenner's five ecological systems?

• A. Microsystem
• B. Exosystem
• C. Thermosystem
• D. Chronosystem

Answer: (C)

Bronfenbrenner's framework explains development as shaped by multiple nested environments, with time woven through the layers. The five systems are microsystem (the immediate settings like family and school), mesosystem (the interactions between those immediate settings), exosystem (external environments that still affect the individual indirectly, such as a parent’s workplace), macrosystem (the broader cultural and societal context), and chronosystem (the dimension of time and life transitions).

The term that doesn’t fit is Thermosystem. There is no thermosystem in this theory; the time dimension is captured by the chronosystem, not by a separate system. So among the options, Thermosystem is not part of Bronfenbrenner's five ecological systems.